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List of active separatist movements in Asia

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This is a list of active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism can include autonomism and secessionism,[1] despite the fact that independence is the primary goal of many separatist movements. Many separatist movements arise as a result of religious, racial, social, and cultural disparities between certain peoples and the majority or ruling class in a country.

Criteria

[edit]

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

  1. They are active movements with active members.
  2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
  3. They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

Afghanistan

[edit]
Afghan Turkestan Province in 1929

South Turkestan[2][3]

Azerbaijan

[edit]
Autonomist movements
Azerbaijan districts claimed by Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Territory of the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Bangladesh

[edit]
Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh

Chittagong Hill Tracts[10]

Zale'n-gam

Zogam (Parts of Chittagong hill tracts)

Bangabhumi

China

[edit]
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China

Hong Kong

Xizang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China

Tibet

Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China

Inner Mongolia[21][22]

Minor movements

[edit]

Egypt

[edit]

Georgia

[edit]
Georgian administrative divisions are outlined in black. Occupied territories of Georgia are shown in pink.

Territory of the former Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

Javakheti

India

[edit]
Separatist movements

Assam

Nagaland[35]

Political map of the Kashmir region districts, showing the Pir Panjal range and the Kashmir Valley or Vale of Kashmir.

Kashmir[36]

Kamtapur[37]

Manipur[41][42]

Sikkim[44]

Punjab, India

Meghalaya

Tripuri-majority areas of Tripura

Mizoram

Kukiland

Santhal Pargana

Dimasaland

Tiwa

Zogam (In India the claimed territories are: Barak Valley, Tripura, East Jaintia Hills, Dima Hasao district and Karbi Anglong district of Assam)

South India (includes Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Puducherry, Lakshadweep and Telangana)

Autonomist or statehood movements

Rabha Hasong

Gorkhaland

Ladakh

Garo Hills

Bundelkhand

Vidarbha

Goa

Jammu region

Bodoland

Indonesia

[edit]
Map of native ethnic groups of Indonesia. Foreign ethnic groups are not shown.

Aceh

Bali

Maluku

Minahasa Peninsula

Riau

Iran

[edit]

Khūzestān Province

Iranian Kurdistan (Irredentism)

Iranian Azerbaijan

Balochistan

Iraq

[edit]
Iraqi Kurdistan

Proposed state:  Kurdistan

 Assyria

Proposed state: Basra[123][124][125]

  • Current de jure and de facto autonomous region: Basra Governorate
    • Proposal: Basra has proposed uniting with the Dhi Qar and Maysan governorates as an autonomous region or total independence[126]

Turkmeneli

Sinjar District

Israel

[edit]
Palestinian territories

West Bank and the Gaza Strip

Japan

[edit]

Hokkaido

  • Ethnic group: Ainu
    • Proposed state or autonomous area: Ainu Mosir
    • Political Parties: Ainu Party

Okinawa

Kazakhstan

[edit]
Map of North Kazakhstan

North Kazakhstan Region and other ethnic Russian parts of Kazakhstan[134]

Laos

[edit]

Northern Laos

Malaysia

[edit]
A "Sarawak for Sarawakians" car sticker in Sibu incorporating elements of a Sarawak state with the pre-Malaysian flag

Sarawak[138][139][140][141]

Sabah[138][139]

 Johor[144][145]

Myanmar

[edit]
Ethnolinguistic Groups of Burma/Myanmar
Map of conflict zones in Myanmar. States and regions affected by fighting during and after 1995 are highlighted in yellow.
Map of Myanmar and its divisions, including Shan State, Kachin State, Rakhine State and Karen State.

Arakan

Chin State

Kawthoolei

Karenni

Kokang

Mon State

Northern Rakhine State

Shan States

Pa'O

Palaung

Wa State[152]

Zale'n-gam

Zogam

Nagaland

Kachin state[153]

Nepal

[edit]
Nepal ethnic groups

Kirat Autonomous State

Madhesh

Pakistan

[edit]

Azad Kashmir

Gilgit Baltistan

Balochistan[160][161]

Sindh[163][164]

Pashtunistan

Karachi

Philippines

[edit]
Cordillera

Sulu archipelago and parts of Zamboanga Peninsula

Cordillera Administrative Region

Mindanao[179]

  • Ethnic groups: Cebuano settlers and Hiligaynon settlers
    • Proposed state: Federal Republic of Mindanao[180][181]
    • Advocacy group: Mindanao Independence Movement,[182] Mindanao and Sabah Alliance[183]

Other Islamic militants operating in Mindanao had goals to create an Islamic state in the Philippines, such as the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters.[184][185][186]

Russia

[edit]

Siberia or Siberian Federal District[187]

 Buryatia

Ural Federal District[191][192]

 Sakha Republic[195]


Sri Lanka

[edit]
Territorial claims of Tamil Eelam

 Tamil Eelam

Syria

[edit]

De facto autonomous region:

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)

Separatist movements:

Assyria

Taiwan

[edit]

The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state that has diplomatic relations with 11 United Nations member states (as well as the Holy See, an observer).[204]

Taiwan

Taiwanese indigenous peoples

Thailand

[edit]
Map of the Patani region

Patani

Turkey

[edit]
Map showing Kurdish-speaking areas within Turkey, as per the 1965 census.

Northern Kurdistan[213]

 Assyria

Zazaistan

Uzbekistan

[edit]

 Karakalpakstan[215][216]

Vietnam

[edit]

Central Highlands (Vietnam)

Hmong state

Mekong Delta and South East Vietnam

Yemen

[edit]
Yemen prior to unification

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  1. ^ The Tibetan independence movement can either encompass the smaller Tibetan Autonomous Region (Xizang) or the larger "Greater Tibet".
  2. ^ These names can be used interchangeably as there is no official name yet